Energy, as one of the fundamental inputs of production and the backbone of economic and social activities, plays a decisive role in economic growth, environmental sustainability, and energy security across countries. In recent decades, financial development, the expansion of information and communication technologies (ICT), the strengthening of the private sector, and the optimization of transport infrastructure have been recognized as key drivers of structural transformation and improvements in energy efficiency. This study aims to examine the effects of transportation, financial development, the private sector, and ICT on energy production capacity using a panel sample of two groups of countries over the period 2011–2021. The first group comprises countries with high natural resource rents and weak governance, while the second group includes countries with low resource rents and strong governance. The empirical model is estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results indicate that financial development, the private sector, ICT, and transportation exert positive and statistically significant effects on energy production capacity in both groups of countries. However, the magnitude and relative importance of these effects differ between the two groups: in countries with high resource rents and weak governance, financial development has the strongest impact on energy production capacity, whereas in countries with strong governance, the role of the ICT is more pronounced. The findings highlight the importance of deepening financial markets, strengthening the business environment, aligning digital policies with sustainable energy objectives, optimizing transport infrastructure, and, in particular, improving institutional quality.